trojansource.codes

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Trojan Source Attacks

 Generated on March 11 2026 09:25 AM

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The score is 69/100

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Trojan Source Attacks

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Some vulnerabilities are invisible. Rather than inserting logical bugs, adversaries can attack the encoding of source code files to inject vulnerabilities.

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Headings

H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
8 3 1 23 0 0
  • [H1] Trojan Source
  • [H1] The trick
  • [H1] The attack
  • [H1] The supply chain
  • [H1] The technique
  • [H1] The variant
  • [H1] The defense
  • [H1] The paper
  • [H2] Invisible Source Code Vulnerabilities
  • [H2] Some Vulnerabilities are Invisible
  • [H2] /* if (isAdmin) { begin admins only */ 
  • [H3] These adversarial encodings produce no visual artifacts.
  • [H4] Rather than inserting logical bugs, adversaries can attack the encoding of source code files to inject vulnerabilities.
  • [H4] The trick is to use Unicode control characters to reorder tokens in source code at the encoding level.
  • [H4] These visually reordered tokens can be used to display logic that, while semantically correct, diverges from the logic presented by the logical ordering of source code tokens.
  • [H4] Compilers and interpreters adhere to the logical ordering of source code, not the visual order.
  • [H4] The attack is to use control characters embedded in comments and strings to reorder source code characters in a way that changes its logic.
  • [H4] The previous example, for instance, works by making a comment appear as if it were code:
  • [H4] Adversaries can leverage this deception to commit vulnerabilities into code that will not be seen by human reviewers.
  • [H4] This attack pattern is tracked as CVE-2021-42574.
  • [H4] This attack is particularly powerful within the context of software supply chains.
  • [H4] If an adversary successfully commits targeted vulnerabilities into open source code by deceiving human reviewers, downstream software will likely inherit the vulnerability.
  • [H4] There are multiple techniques that can be used to exploit the visual reordering of source code tokens:
  • [H4] Early Returns cause a function to short circuit by executing a return statement that visually appears to be within a comment.
  • [H4] Commenting-Out causes a comment to visually appear as code, which in turn is not executed.
  • [H4] Stretched Strings cause portions of string literals to visually appear as code, which has the same effect as commenting-out and causes string comparisons to fail.
  • [H4] A similar attack exists which uses homoglyphs, or characters that appear near identical.
  • [H4] The above example defines two distinct functions with near indistinguishable visual differences highlighted for reference.
  • [H4] An attacker can define such homoglyph functions in an upstream package imported into the global namespace of the target, which they then call from the victim code.
  • [H4] This attack variant is tracked as CVE-2021-42694.
  • [H4] Compilers, interpreters, and build pipelines supporting Unicode should throw errors or warnings for unterminated bidirectional control characters in comments or string literals, and for identifiers with mixed-script confusable characters.
  • [H4] Language specifications should formally disallow unterminated bidirectional control characters in comments and string literals.
  • [H4] Code editors and repository frontends should make bidirectional control characters and mixed-script confusable characters perceptible with visual symbols or warnings.
  • [H4] Complete details can be found in the related paper.
  • [H4] If you use the paper or anything on this site in your own work, please cite the following:

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Anchor Type Juice
Trojan Source Internal Passing Juice
paper Internal Passing Juice
Nicholas Boucher External Passing Juice
Paper Kit React External Passing Juice
SRCF External Passing Juice

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source visual control paper code vulnerabilities tokens attack trojan characters

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Keyword Content Title Keywords Description Headings
code 14
source 12
characters 9
attack 7
vulnerabilities 6

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